GENDER ACCOUNTABILITY
An annotated bibliography of literature and
websites
February 2011
The Millennium Development Goals
POVERTY Reduction Strategy Papers
Goetz, A.; Jenkins, R.
Accountability to women in development spending. Experiments
in service-delivery audits at the local level.
http://www.siyanda.org/docs/goetz_local.doc
What matters to consumers of
public services is local-level accountability. Local monitoring and auditing is
the only way to ensure commitments on paper at the local and national level -
particularly in areas of concern to women - are translated into practice.
Local-level analysis and activity make it easier to identify the impact of
spending patterns, to understand the use of resources at local government
level, and to pick up on corruption and mis-spending
of funds. This paper shows how groups in
Murthy,
R.K.
Accountability to citizens on gender
and health. Chennai, 2007.
http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/accountability_to_citizens_wgkn_2007.pdf
Background paper prepared for
the Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network of the WHO Commission on Social
Determinants of Health. This paper reviews the practice of accountability to
citizens on gender and health, draws out lessons, assesses gaps, and recommends
strategies. Through a review of literature, the paper examines who within the
health sector is held accountable, to whom (amongst citizens), with regard to
what, and how accountability is operationalised.
United
Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Progress
of the world's women 2008/2009. Who answers to women? gender and
accountability. Unifem, 2008.
http://www.unifem.org/progress/2008/media/POWW08_Report_Full_Text.pdf
UNIFEM's biennial flagship report argues that realising women's rights
and achieving the Millennium Development Goals depends on strengthening
accountability for commitments to women and gender equality. Progress 2008/2009
demonstrates that for women's rights to translate into substantive improvements
in their lives, and for gender equality to be realised in practice, women must
be able to fully participate in public decision-making at all levels and hold
those responsible to account when their rights are infringed or their needs
ignored.
Published at the half-way point to the 2015 deadline for achieving the
MDGs, the report presents the case that women's empowerment and gender equality
are drivers for reducing poverty, building food security, reducing maternal
mortality, safeguarding the environment, and enhancing the effectiveness of
aid.
United
Nations Development
Program (UNDP) / United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM)
A user’s guide to measuring
gender-sensitive basic service delivery. UNDP / UNIFEM, 2009.
http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs08/users_guide_measuring_gender.pdf
This guide is intended to
contribute to the development and more effective use of gender-sensitive
indicators so that services are delivered more efficiently and effectively to
women. It should be seen as a generic and basic tool to map and analyse governance of basic service delivery from a gender
perspective. It includes indicators and measurement tools developed by
multilateral and bilateral agencies as well as by national counterparts. The
guide also presents examples of newly developed and innovative measurement
initiatives in women's access to public services.
Fick, Glenda
Gender checklist for free and fair
elections.
Checklist for free and fair
elections for the State and authorities responsible for managing an election. Checklist for ensuring
gender equality in free and fair elections: political rights, registration of
voters, the right to vote, the right to stand for public office, voter
education, the right to express political opinions, access to information, the
right to campaign, secrecy of the ballot, and review of electoral procedures or
decisions.
Ndulo, Muna
Constitutional
provisions and enhancing participation of women in elections. UN-OSAGI,
2004.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral/EP2-Ndulo.PDF
The Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and
the Advancement of Women (OSAGI), organized an Expert Group Meeting on
"Enhancing women’s participation in electoral processes in post-conflict
countries", in
This paper discusses the participation of women in
post conflict societies from a perspective of the legislative measures that can
be taken to enhance the participation of women. It also considers non legislative
measures such as the role of the media. The paper first provides a background
on constitutional provisions relevant to elections, next examines the
participation of women in elections and the problems they face in their efforts
to participate in elections. It then considers legislative approches
that have been taken in several countries to increase women participation. It
ends with a conclusion that focuses on the chances of achieving the objective
of improving women participation in elections.
Woroniuk, B.; Schalkwijk, J.
Electoral support and
equality between women and men.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/2/29592332.pdf
Tipsheet.
Ashworth,
Gendered
governance. An agenda for change.
http://nird.ap.nic.in/clic/rrdl100.html
Governance
is presumed to be gender-neutral. But, in fact, the discourse, procedures,
structures and functions of governance remain heavily skewed in favour of men
in general, and certain groups of men in particular. This unequal sharing of
power leads to an unequal sharing of resources - time, incomes, property - between men and women. Redressing these
inequalities requires a gender analysis of the processes and structures of
governance.
Baden, Sally
Gender,
governance and the ‘feminisation of poverty’.
http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/undp/gender/badefeb2-99e.pdf
This
paper summarises current thinking on the theoretical and empirical
relationships between gender inequality and poverty, including reflection on
how these relationships have been articulated in development policy discourse.
It goes on to examine the potential for governance structures and processes, as
currently defined, to promote poverty reduction in a way which recognises and
responds to women’s gendered experience of poverty. In doing so, the paper
reviews interpretations of ‘governance’ and explores feminist and other
critiques of conventional approaches to governance. It asks whether and how the
governance agenda needs to be reconstituted if it is to succeed in addressing
women’s gender specific needs and interests. Finally, the paper highlights some
strategic entry points in the governance agenda which provide opportunities for
promoting poor women’s gender interests.
Beall,
Jo
Urban governance. Why gender matters.
www.cities-localgovernments.org/uclg/upload/docs/urbangovernance,whygendermatters.doc
This paper deals with the themes of participation and
partnership in urban governance, a concept which refers to both government
responsibility and civic engagement. It looks at gender issues in
participation, responsible urban government and civic engagement, which are
important themes in the Habitat Agenda. Participation is commonly associated
with organisational or political participation. However, participation is also
about social and economic participation - the extent to which different social
groups, and the men and women within them, have access to and control over
urban resources. It recognises how women and men use and contribute to the city
in different ways; how this is influenced by their different responsibilities
in the home and in society and how this in turn affects their ability to engage
in public life.
Bell,
Emma
Gender and
governance. A bibliography.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb11.pdf
Section
one of the bibliography lists general texts on the State and good governance.
This is followed by references for donor policy documents. The rest of the
bibliography is organised to reflect the central tenets of good governance:
effective public management; government accountability; and rights, policy and
the rule of law. Owing to a paucity of materials, a fourth aspect of good
governance, transparency through freedom of information, free media and
association, is covered in other sections and does not feature separately.
Bell, Emma
National machineries
for women in development. Experiences, lessons and strategies for
institutionalising gender in development policy and planning.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/re36c.pdf
What are national
governments doing to promote the status of women? Governments have created
women’s committees, divisions, and bureaux, but have these had any impact? This
report reviews the experience of these so-called “national women’s machineries”
(NWM), drawing on cases from developing countries. The mandates, status and
effectiveness of NWMs have been constrained by lack
of commitment and funding from governments. In order to be more effective, NWMs must restructure themselves so that women’s concerns
are fully mainstreamed into the strategies and activities of both governments
and NGOs.
Equal Opportunities Commission (
Mainstreaming gender
equality in local government. A framework. 1997.
http://www.arcidonna.it/mainstreaming/genderequality.htm
This document provides a framework and synthesis of a research report
entitled Mainstreaming gender equality in local government. It involved case
study research in a number of local authorities in
Evertzen, A.
Handbook gender and local governance.
http://www.gade-gender.nl/Gender%20and%20Local%20Governance.htm
This Handbook is an overview of the literature and web
sites concerning gender and governance processes, underlining strategies and
best practices. Special emphasis is placed on local governance and the region
of
International
Worldwide
Declaration on Women in Local Government.
http://www.cityshelter.org/13_mobil/18tend.htm
On
Also available in
French (Union Internationale des
Villes et Pouvoirs Locaux).
Jaeckel, Monika
Advancing governance
through peer learning and networking. Lessons learned from grassroots women.
Grassroots women's
groups deal with everyday survival issues and the social cohesion of their
families and communities. In doing so, they develop the most ingenious
solutions to issues like drinking water and sanitation, environmental
sustainability, housing, health, responsiveness to natural as well as man made
disasters and the eradication of poverty. They hold a valuable knowledge base
of first hand knowledge of what works and what does not work on the ground.
In order to learn
from this rich reservoir of expertise and to increase the influence of
grassroots women's perspectives on public policy, the Huairou
Commission with the Support of the LIFE launched the "Our Best Practices
Campaign for Local Governance".
Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee; Meer, Shamim
Creating voice and carving space. Redefining
governance from a gender perspective.
http://www.kit.nl/net/KIT_Publicaties_output/ShowFile2.aspx?e=646
The book focuses on sixteen organisation's initiatives
across eight countries in Africa and
Chapters are devoted to a variety of topics,
including:
§
creating voice and carving space
§
women's political representation
§
increasing responsiveness and accountability of
governance institutions
§
citizenship
Each chapter also includes a variety of case studies.
Pedwell, C.
Just politics. Women
transforming political spaces. OneWorld Action, 2008.
http://www.oneworldaction.org/Resources/One%20World%20Action/Documents/PDF/JustPoliticsReport.pdf
In November 2007, OneWorld
Action brought together 40 women and men from north and south for a unique
dialogue – Just Politics: Women transforming political spaces. This report
summarises the week’s events which explored what difference women in power can
make, and how women’s involvement in politics canbe
supported and strengthened.
The report focuses on two main themes:
1. Ways to increase women’s political participation
2. Strategies for transforming political spaces.
Much emphasis is placed on accountability.
CITIZENSHIP
An overview
Bridge
Bridge Citizenship cutting edge pack.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk//bridge/reports_gend_CEP.html#Citizenship
How
are citizenship rights and responsibilities being extended and transformed by
struggles for gender equality? How can women and others marginalised by gender
participate in and influence the decisions that affect their lives? This pack
is a concise, practical resource for policy-makers, practitioners and
activists. It demonstrates how gendered understandings of citizenship rights
can help development actors promote the participation of all women and men in
shaping their societies and communities.
The
pack is made up of:
§
Overview report – by Shamim Meer with Charlie Sever. External adviser Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay
§
Supporting resources collection –
summaries of key texts, case studies, tools, guidelines and key organisations
§
Gender and Development In Brief bulletin.
Also in French
The pack also is available in Spanish.
United Nations - Division for the Advancement of Women
(DAW)
Women, nationality and citizenship. New York: UNDAW, 2003.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf
This report outlines
provisions in international instruments and human rights treaties which address
discriminatory nationality laws and provides examples of where such instruments
have been used. In many states, a wife's nationality
is dependent on that of her husband, which can leave women vulnerable in
cross-national marriages. Women can also be vulnerable in cases where they
retain their own nationality and move to another country, rendering them unable
to access citizen rights in the new environment. Women are often not allowed to
pass nationality on to their children which has significant implications for
custody and security of children. Recommendations focus on how actions at the
international and national levels can work with international instruments and
amend national laws. They also include gender training for the judiciary and
immigration officers and removing the barriers to dual nationality.
Recommendations for NGOs include initiating test-cases, disseminating national
and international case law and the production of 'shadow' reports to the
Committee that oversees the enforcement of the Convention on the Elimination of
all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
Also available in French: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03f.pdf
and Spanish: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03s.pdf
The
Millennium Development Goals
Kabeer, N.
Gender
mainstreaming in poverty eradication and the Millennium Development Goals. A handbook for policy-makers and other
stakeholders. Commonwealth Secretariat / IDRC /
CIDA, 2003.
http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/067-5/
This book brings together a diverse set of
arguments, findings, and lessons from the development literature that help to
explain why gender equality merits specific attention from policymakers,
practitioners, researchers, and other stakeholders committed to the pursuit of
pro-poor and human-centred development. Improving women’s access to economic
opportunities and enhancing returns on their efforts will be central to the
goal of poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development
Goals.
This book explores the issue of gender
inequality through the lens of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly
the first one of halving world poverty by 2015.
UN Millennium Project 2005.
Taking action. Achieving gender
equality and empowering women. Task Force on Education and Gender Equality, 2005.
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/Gender-complete.pdf
How can the global community achieve the third
Millennium Development Goal of gender equality and the empowerment of women? To
be empowered women must have equal capabilities such as education and health,
and equal access to resources and opportunities such as land and employment.
However they must also have the agency to use these capabilities and resources
to make strategic choices. This report, prepared by the UN Millennium Project
Task Force on Education and Gender Equality, identifies strategic priorities
and practical actions for achieving women's empowerment by 2015. These include:
strengthening opportunities for post-primary education for girls; investing in
infrastructure to reduce women's and girls' time burdens; guaranteeing women's
and girls' property and inheritance rights; increasing women's share of seats
in national parliaments and local governmental bodies; and combating violence
against girls and women. Various countries, communities and institutions have
implemented different combinations of these actions and shown good results. The
problem is not a lack of practical ways to empower women but rather a lack of
change on a large and deep enough scale to bring about transformation in the
way societies conceive of and organise men and women's roles, responsibilities
and control over resources. Essential for this kind of transformation are the
mobilisation of a large group people committed to the vision of a gender
equitable society; the technical capacity to implement change; institutional
structures and processes to support the transformation; and adequate financial
resources.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) /
Bureau of Development Policy
Looking for equality. A gender review
of national MDG reports.
http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/appeal/gender/A_gender_review_of_National_MDG_Reports.pdf
This document presents the results of an examination
of gender mainstreaming through 78 national Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
Reports.
An initial examination found that gender concerns and
perspectives were not mainstreamed adequately across goals in the majority of
reports. References to women and gender continued to be "ghettoised"
under Goals 3 and 5. Discussions on Goal 7 were almost completely gender-blind
in the majority of the reports studied. Disaggregated data were seldom provided
except under Goals 2 and 3, where they are a specific requirement. In most of
the reports scanned, women continued to be cast as mothers and victims rather
than agents of development. Attempts to "step out of the box" and
place discussions on issues such as poverty and HIV and AIDS in the larger
context of gender equality and women's rights and freedoms, were infrequent
exceptions.
World Bank / Gender and Development Group
Gender equality and the millennium
development goals.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Publications/20169280/gendermdg.pdf
The paper aims to show the strong linkages between
gender equality and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- (1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, (2) achieve universal primary
education, (3) promote gender equality and empower women, (4) reduce child
mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases, (7) ensure environmental sustainability, and (8) develop a global
partnership for development. It also tries to show that working for gender
equality offers a compelling, win-win approach for policy makers and planners
towards attaining and implementing the MDGs. The
paper also gives examples on how gender equality can be integrated into MDGs policies and interventions.
POVERTY
Reduction Strategy Papers
Gender and PRSPs. With experiences
from
www.ids.ac.uk/bridge/reports/re67.pdf
This report assesses how gender has been incorporated into the PRSP
processes, particularly, in
The paper argues that women, especially poor women, have been
marginalised within the decision-making process of PRSPs
at government and civil society level, and gender equality issues have been
sidelined. However NGOs, NWMs, and donor agencies are
trying to address these weaknesses of the PRS process, including broadening the
debate on what constitutes poverty to incorporate a more gender-sensitive
diagnosis.
Chant, S.
New contributions to the analysis of poverty. Methodological
and conceptual challenges to understanding poverty from a gender perspective. United Nations Economic
Commission for Latin America and the
http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/UnidadMujer/5/LCL1955/lcl1955i.pdf
Three
decades of feminist research have had an impact on poverty analysis. However, the
impact on poverty itself has been weaker. Women still make up an estimated two
thirds of the poor and this proportion appears to be rising. This trend is
exacerbated by the gender blindness which persists in parts of mainstream
poverty analysis in spite of the feminist insights. With a focus on
Economic Commission for
Poverty and inequality from a gender
perspective. ECLAC, 2004.
www.eclac.cl/mujer/noticias/noticias/7/14717/Separataing.pdf
Chapter
III from the Social Panorama of Latin America 2003-2003 published by the
attempts to answer the key question of whether poverty affects women and men
differently. To this end, it
presents a conceptual framework for an analysis of poverty from a gender
perspective; analyses the quantitative impact of poverty, which is greater for
women; demonstrates inequalities existing within families and households which
are associated with the constraints of poverty and time; analyses labour-market
inequalities and their effects on women's economic autonomy; and finally,
presents two dimensions of poverty not traditionally examined: inequalities in
decision-making autonomy and unequal access to power. The main conclusion is
that poverty has more severe effects on women, whose contribution is critical
if poverty is to be overcome in the region. Accordingly, gender equality must
be one of the overriding objectives of any policy to overcome poverty.
Whitehead , A.
Failing women, sustaining poverty. Gender in Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers. Christian Aid, 2003.
http://www.siyanda.org/docs/gad_failingwomen.pdf
More than half the poor citizens of heavily indebted developing
countries are women. Since 1999, the international financial institutions have
required these countries to formulate nationally owned participatory
poverty-reduction strategies, in the form of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
(PRSPs), as a condition of receiving concessional
lending and debt relief under the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
initiative.
This report,
produced by Christian Aid, explores how the PRSPs of
four countries deal with gender issues. It examines the form that gender issues
take in the PRSPs of Tanzania,
Zuckerman, E.;
Garrett, A.
Do Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
address gender? A gender audit of 2002 PRSPs.
Southern African Regional Poverty Network
(SARPN), 2003.
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000306/P306_PRSP_Gender.pdf
This paper provides an audit of the 13 PRSPs
of African countries, produced during 2002 to question the efficiency with
which they address gender issues.
The paper concludes that countries should find it worthwhile to produce
engendered PRSPs. It is much costlier not to. Not to
means poverty will not be tackled. And, trying a second or third time (
An overview
Bridge
Cutting edge pack on
gender and budgets.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk//bridge/reports_gend_CEP.html#Budgets
This pack provides
a concise & practical resource, which shows how budgets can be used as a
tool to further gender equality.
The pack contains:
§
Overview report - by Helena Hofbauer
Balmori (
§
Collection of supporting resources - summaries of key
texts, case studies and tools, and key organisations
§
Gender and Development In Brief bulletin Also
in French
The pack also is available in Spanish.
Action for Development (ACFODE)
Gender Budget training manual. ACFODE, 2004.
http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/11281111621ACFODE'S_GENDER_BUDGET_TRAINING_MANUAL.doc
This training manual has been developed, to guide trainers who are
involved in building capacities of policy makers and other stakeholders at
district and subcounty levels in gender budgeting.
The overall objective is to ensure that plans and budgets address the needs of
disadvantaged groups especially the women. Gender budget training seeks to
enhance awareness of the decision-makers and other stakeholders to the
importance of integrating gender in plans and budgets. This is achieved by
imparting skills and techniques of gender budgeting so that they can oversee
the integration of gender concerns during the formulation of national and
district budgets, as well as the implementation of gender sensitive budgets.
Budlender, D., Elson, D., Hewitt, G. and Mukhopadhyay, T.
Gender budgets make cents. Understanding
gender responsive budgets.
This publication aims to inspire government
officials, policy-makers, donor agencies, and civil society groups to engage in
gender-responsive budget initiatives by demonstrating both equity and
efficiency gains.
Budlender, D.; Hewitt, G.
Engendering budgets. A practioner’s guide to
understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets.
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC16637
This
guide is intended to help practitioners design and implement gender-responsive
budgets. The first part of the guide provides background information on
gender-responsive budgets. Part two outlines how to implement a government
budget, as well the budget process and potential entry points for beginning
gender budget work. Part three addresses the practical issues involved in
implementation, focusing on assessment and sustainability of initiatives. The
final section of the guide looks at how the three-way categorisation developed
in
Budlender, D.; Hewitt, G.
Gender budgets make more cents. Country studies and good practice.
This volume of case studies gives practitioners'
accounts of the challenges and opportunities of gender budget work across
Budlender, D.; Reyes, C.; Melesse, M.
Gender-Responsive Budgeting through
the CBMS Lens. Implementing the
Community-Based Monitoring System in a way that facilitates gender-responsive
budgeting. Community Agency for Social Enquiry (
http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/11271610181Gender_Responsive_Budgeting_Through_the_CBMS_Lens.pdf
The following paper
suggests how the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), developed and
implemented in 14 countries over the last ten years with financial support from
the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC), can be used to facilitate
gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) at the local level. In particular, it
looks at how CBMS can be used to support local-level GRB (LLGRB) initiatives of
civil society and local government.
Commonwealth Secretariat
Gender-disaggregated beneficiary
assessment of public service delivery and budgets priorities.
Budgeting. A series of tools to collect and analyse the
opinions of men and women on how far current forms of public service delivery
meet their needs and how far current patterns of public expenditure accord with
their priorities.
Elson, D.
Budgeting for women’s rights. Monitoring government budgets for compliance
with CEDAW. UNIFEM, 2006.
http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/MonitoringGovernmentBudgetsComplianceCEDAW_eng.pdf
This report adds a landmark to the discourse on the link between human
rights standards and government budgets. It elaborates on how budgets and
budget policy-making processes can be monitored for compliance with human
rights standards, in particular with the Convention of the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The report is based on the premise
that accountability to women's rights needs to be translated into mobilising
the necessary resources to meet the commitments made by the ratification of
CEDAW. Combining substantive analysis with country examples provides a
framework for applying a rights-approach to budgets from a gender perspective
that defines the requirements of good budget performance in the planning,
formulation and execution stages. It also details the elements that require a
critical assessment of budget policy making processes, the appropriateness of
budget allocations, and the standard principles for non-discriminatory economic
and budgets policies.
Feridoun, S.
Gender-responsive government budgeting. The importance of spreading gender related
budgets across a broad range of sectors. International Monetary Fund (IMF),
2003.
www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2003/wp0383.pdf
This paper examines the concept of
gender-responsive government budgeting and the extent of its implementation by
national governments in both advanced and developing countries. The paper
argues that in order for GRGB to be fully effective, obstacles such as
gender-biased culture, the lack of appropriate budget classifications, and the
lack of gender analysis expertise and gender-disaggregated data in most
countries need to be addressed.
Whilst 40 countries (OECD and developing countries) have attempted to
include some sort of gender analysis in their budgeting systems, a closer look
at the country data provided suggests that several countries have only been
exposed to the old concept of the allocation of some government resources to
the ministries or other organisations in charge of women’s affairs, rather than
analysing the gender impact of resources allocated to all (or at least
gender-sensitive) sectors. These might include health, education, agriculture,
housing, labour and employment.
Habitat; Municipal Development
Partnership Eastern and Southern
Participatory budgeting in Africa : A Training Companion with cases
from eastern and southern
Volume I:
concepts and principles. http://www.ansa-africa.net/uploads/documents/publications/Participatory_budgeting_Africa_Vol1_2008.pdf
Volume II:
facilitation methods. http://www.ansa-africa.net/uploads/documents/publications/Participatory_budgeting_Africa_Vol2_2008.pdf
Participatory budgeting in
It is split into two volumes providing users with information, tools,
methodologies, case studies and tips on how participatory budgeting can be
introduced and sustained. These resources have been collected from local
governments where participatory budgeting is already being practised. Volume
one addresses the concepts and principles associated with participatory
budgeting.
Volume two addresses facilitation methods and tools as follows:
implementing participatory budgeting; examples of participatory budgeting; key
constraints and proposed solutions to practicing participatory budgeting in
These training tools have been organized in a sequence enabling higher
effectiveness in their use in workshops. Trainers are encouraged to be creative
in designing group-learning experiences based on these materials to fit their
particular context. Tools, tips and self assessment questions are provided for
each section.
Inter-Parliamentary
Parliament, the budget and gender. IPU, 2004.
http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/budget_en.pdf
This handbook,
jointly produced with the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank
Institute and the United Nations Fund for Women, was inspired by a series of
regional and national seminars on Parliament and the Budgetary Process,
Including from a Gender Perspective. Intended as a reference tool, this
handbook sets out practical examples of parliament's active engagement in the
budgetary process. It seeks to advance parliament's own institutional capacity
to make a positive impact on the budget, and to equip parliament, its members
and parliamentary staff with the necessary tools to examine the budget from a
gender perspective. The Handbook will also serve as a follow-up guide for
participants of past and future seminars on the role of parliaments in the
budgetary process.
Oxfam
Gender-responsive budgeting in education.
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/education/downloads/edPaper7.pdf
Gender-responsive budgeting
(GRB) is an attempt to ensure that gender-related issues are considered and
addressed in all government policies. This paper uses the GRB approach to
explain how governments and donors can promote gender equality in education through
their financing decisions.